Chapter 9 The Hobbit - 886 Words

Chapter 9 Recap – Where to from here? â€Å"Kid, you’ll move mountains! Today is your day! Your mountain is waiting. So get on your way!† – Dr Seuss â€Å"Go back? he thought. No good at all! Go sideways? Impossible! Go forward? Only thing to do! On we go! So up he got, and trotted along with his little sword held in front of him and one hand feeling the wall, and his heart all of a patter and a pitter.† – J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit God’s purpose in Christ is to reconcile all things to Himself to the praise of His glory. The church is the body of Christ in the world—the means by which the world will know that Jesus Christ is Lord, and through which all believers will reach maturity in Christ and unity in the faith and knowledge of Christ. To fulfill His mission to reconcile all things to Himself, God sends you and me, the church, into the world to spread the gospel, to evangelize, to proclaim the good news of the kingdom of God, and to embody in its corporate life the message of reconciliation. Lofty words indeed. God is God. He will achieve His ends. We can either be part of His plans or we can hide in the shadows. Jesus did not shrink back from giving us instructions. He was blunt, direct, and authoritative. No room for discussion, shades of meaning, different interpretations. As they say, â€Å"Which part of ‘go’ don’t you understand?† Just â€Å"go.† Not a call, but a command. The â€Å"go† may be a walk across the street to help and witness to a neighbor, it may be picking upShow MoreRelatedThe Fellowship Of The Ring1692 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Ring, has just begun, a lot of events have already taken place. The story begins years after the events of the prequ el The Hobbit, fifty years since Bilbo Baggins had returned from an adventure with the great wizard Gandalf and Gandalf’s dwarf companions. In Bilbo’s home of the Shire, he announces that he will be inviting many guests to his 111th birthday. (Hobbits live much longer than humans). However, after being visited by Gandalf, Bilbo reveals to him, along with Frodo Baggins, (Bilbo’sRead MoreGandalf the Mischiefmonger Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pages If people tried to make an argument that J.R.R. Tolkien didn’t used Norse mythology as a backbone structure when writing The Hobbit in 1937, they would be without-a-doubt completely wrong. Many creatures were pulled straight from the Norse myths and thrown into his famous story, but did he use some of the Norse gods as structures for his characters as well? In the book The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, he states that Gandalf is seen almost as an â€Å"Odinic Wanderer†, comparing him to Odin the AllfatherRead Mo reHobbit Shake Guide6595 Words   |  27 PagesThe Hobbit Chapter Guides Chapter One: An Unexpected Party Summary We are introduced to hobbits and to Bilbo Baggins, a stay-at-home, utterly respectable hobbit with a secret desire for adventure. Bilbo receives a visit from Gandalf the wizard. The next Wednesday Gandalf returns for tea, bringing with him a party of thirteen dwarves led by Thorin Oakenshield. Despite misgivings on both sides, on Gandalfs recommendation the dwarves hire Bilbo as Burglar on an expedition to the Lonely Mountain,Read MoreThe Hobbit: Greed Thesis Statement2030 Words   |  9 Pagesabout The Hobbit The world we live in is full of heroes that are different shapes and sizes that people dont remember who they are a month after they do something. The story The Hobbit may make you think of a half sized person as an no everyday hero, but his actions will touch your heart and make you think that its really possible to change the world around you no matter what size you are. The half sized person in this story by J.R.R. Tolkien is named Bilbo and his race is known as hobbits. In hisRead MoreLord Of The Rings : Synopsis1868 Words   |  8 Pagesï  ¶ Chapter 1 Many Meetings ïÆ'Ëœ Frodo wakes up a couple days later in Rivendell ïÆ'Ëœ He sees Gandalf sitting next to his bed ïÆ'Ëœ Elrond who is the Master of Rivendell healed him ïÆ'Ëœ The piece of the Black Riders knife penetrated his shoulder and was moving to his heart ïÆ'Ëœ If it hit his heart he would be like the black riders ïÆ'Ëœ The riders are Ringewraiths ï‚ § Are at the command of the Lord of the Rings ï‚ § The riders were hit by water and were taken away from the help of Elron and Gandolf who released the water fromRead MoreThe Hobbit, And The Lord Of The Rings1845 Words   |  8 PagesThe interaction of fate and free will in the primary world is a very complex, intertwined phenomenon. However, in Tolkien’s works The Silmarillion, The Hobbit, and The Lord of the Rings, there is a recognizable pattern that is set. More specifically this pattern regarding fate is established cosmologically through his story of creation (the â€Å"Ainulindale†), and the precedent is set for how individual choice affects the events that follow. This pattern will be used to establish how Tolkien views theRead More Christianity And Lord Of The Rings Essays3430 Words   |  14 Pagesown undoing. No clearer illustration of this truth is possible than Christs resurrection which proved to be the surprising undoing of Satans greatest triumph. The fiend underwent a devastating and unlooked for humiliation in achieving this victory.(9)It is akin to Saurons defeat at the moment he was gloating in the stupidity of the march of Aragorn and his meagre six thousand to the gates of Mordor. Another aspect of evil developed in Tolkien is the insatiable hunger to possess, to rule, to dominateRead MoreInstructor’s Manual Fundamentals of Financial Management60779 Words   |  244 Pagesto omit coverage of certain chapters. However, it is still possible to maintain the book s thrust of providing a fundamental understanding of financial management. For the one-quarter course, the following sequencing has proven manageable: Van Horne and Wachowicz: Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12e 2 Introduction  © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Chapter 1 THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Chapter 3 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY* Chapter 4 THE VALUATION OF LONG-TERM

Functionalism and Crime and Deviance Essay - 913 Words

Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the usefulness of functionalist approaches in explaining crime (21 Marks) Item A Functionalist sociologists focus on how far individuals accept the norms and values of society. Central to their study of crime is the attempt to understand why people break the rules of society. Despite their focus on the importance of shared norms and values, functionalists see a small amount of crime as necessary and beneficial to society. The publicity given to crime highlights the boundaries of acceptable behaviour. However, the beneficial effects of crime for society are limited; too much crime can indicate problems. Durkheim looks at how crime and deviance is inevitable and needed in†¦show more content†¦Furthermore Durkheim doesn’t specify how much crime is good for society before we fall into anomie. New Right sociologists such as Murray would be critical of this as they believe that subcultures which carry out criminal and deviant acts form an underclass which threatens society on the whole rather than strengthening ‘boundary maintenence.However Durkheim doesn’t state why people commit crimes, another functionalist who did was Merton. Merton developed a ‘strain theory’ building on Durkheim’s work. He said that crime was largely committed as a result of individuals not being able to achieve the goals impressed upon them by society (in his case the American Dream). This led people to turn to unconventional means in order to achieve these goals as they believe that happiness wealth and success are all interchangeable. While Merton does accept that everyone is different, he categorizes people into 5 adaptations to the strain; conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. Merton can be criticized as it is hard to believe that all people fit into 5 distinct categories with no overlaps. Furthermore Merton fails to explain non - utilitarianism crime, lots of crime is committed which does not financially benefit the criminals for example vandalism. Merton also fails to explain crime and deviance that isn’t committed as an individualShow MoreRelatedMarx and Durkheim’s Views C ontributed to our Understanding of Crime and Deviance? 899 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding of Crime and Deviance? Karl Marx’s Marxist theory and Emile Durkheim’s functionalist theory were both significant in their own ways and therefore made a large contribution to our perception and understanding of how crime and deviance occurs and is dealt with in society. The Marxist theory on crime was focused on the concept that the huge shift towards a capitalist society was the root cause and driving force behind the formation of social divisions and subsequent increase in crime and conflictRead MoreShould Society Change And Understand Foreign Cultures Before Passing Judgment?1657 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand foreign cultures before passing judgment? In American society, we have borrowed many ideal of how to deal with crime and the study of crime through a science. This â€Å"scientific approach to studying criminal behavior† (Siegel, 2012, p. 4) is called criminology and the people who conduct these scientific tests, studies and theories are criminologists. Culture and deviance are like oil and water; they simply do not mix well. What is acceptable in Iraq, Iran and Saudi Arabia may be viewed inRead MoreSociology : Deviance, Conflict, And Symbolic Interactionism Approaches941 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine deviance as a behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group (153). Deviance can be anything. A certain sociably acceptable act in one culture can be seen as deviant in another culture it does not matter how large or small the act. Sociologist developed three theories to help explain deviance. Sociologists explored the functionalism, conflict, and symbolic in teractionism approaches to deviance. Emile Durkheim studied deviance withRead MoreSociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups In A Systematic Way1611 Words   |  7 Pagesscrutinizing theories on the subject ‘crime and deviance’ aiming to outline how each perspective grasps the matter. Before one can observe society, one needs to take into account the ways in which it can be viewed. Perspectives that focus on social systems, are known as macro perspectives. Alternatively, the micro perspective, focuses on social action of the individual. (Taylor et al, 1995). One of The first major perspectives examining society is Functionalism. â€Å"Functionalism begins with the observationRead MoreCrime And Deviance1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn studying crimes and deviance, sociologists look to explain what types of behavior are defined as deviant as opposed to criminal, who defines deviant behaviors, why people become deviant, and how society deals with deviant behavior. Deviance is defined by sociologists are behavior that significantly goes against expected rules and norms. Criminal behavior is behavior that violates the law. Sociology studies groups as opposed to individuals, so when studying crime and deviance, sociologists areRead MoreExplanation to Crime and Deviancy Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages True Crime or Moral Panic? Evaluate and apply sociological theories relating to crime and deviance Explanations of Crime and Deviancy Crime - an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. Deviance-the fact or state of diverging from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. Crime and deviance are seemingly effortlessly defined by the Oxford dictionary. However sociological prospectives have differing views on crime and the explanationsRead MoreWhat Deviance Is Today s Society Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesWhat defines deviance in today’s society? Is it the abnormal things that people don’t usually do or is it just criminal behavior? Deviance has brought up many questions on what could be defined as it. Deviance is usually shaped by society. It can be defined as the violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law (OpenStax 142). Sociologist want to see why deviance has so many different areas and how it effects a group in a society. For exampleRead More How Crime and Deviance Can Be Seen As Functional for Society1723 Words   |  7 Pages Crime and deviance are acts that will elicit dissent from society. They take various forms and involve various concepts and theories. It will be the aim of this paper to explore those that are considered to be functional for society. It was Emile Durkheim who first clearly established the logic behind the functional approach to the study of crime and deviance[1] when he wrote The Rules of Sociological Method and The Division of Labour[2]. In those works, DurkheimRead MoreCritically Discuss Three Sociological Approaches to Explaining Crime1188 Words   |  5 PagesCritically discuss three sociological approaches to explaining crime? One of the most predominant areas of study in sociology is in the explanation of crime and deviance in society. Criminal acts are those which violate established formal laws, whereas deviance refers to the breaking of social norms. Crime and deviance are a social construct as they are decided by the people in a society and can vary greatly depending on the society in question, as well as the time period being studied. In theRead MoreThe Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, And Conflict Theory1040 Words   |  5 Pagesmothers in poverty who turn to prostitution as a mean of support. Theoretical paradigms such as Functionalism, Conflict theory, and Symbolic Interactionism all have similar and different views on how a society should function. An understanding of each paradigm and how they play a role in society will better show the similarities and differences they each possess in relation with each other. Functionalism defines society as a system of interrelated parts. It focus more on society as a whole, not so

Technology and Organizational Structure Free Essays

Technology and Organizational Structure Wanda Armour University of Phoenix Technology and Organizational Structure This paper represents the research on how technology interacts with organizational structure. Two companies will be identified to compare and contrast their organizational structures. A matrix will be included to summarize the findings. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Organizational Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Organizational structure in today’s complex multi-dimensional organizations is the connection that holds the infrastructure together to achieve the organizations goals. It is the patterns or arrangement of groups of jobs within an organization. It is also a process that requires organizational re-structuring as the company grows. Historically industry has shifted from the job-shop manufacturing to mass production, with innovative pioneers such as Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max Weber ((Dristelzweig Droege, n. d. ). These early pioneers were very different thinkers in terms of their principles to determine how to structure organizations for maximum productivity. However, they all had a common view that it was like a machine and that power was in the position, not in the individual holding the position; clearly a vertical bureaucratic structural hierarchy ((Dristelzweig Droege, n. d. ). This ‘one best way’ mindset gradually disappeared as concerns that the traditional organizational structure may hinder, rather than help promote creativity and innovation (Dristelzweig Droege, n. d. ). Today, pressures in U. S. business structures to compete globally calls for a variety of organization structures. There is no ‘one fit all’ organizational structure that has proven effective in contributing to business success. Organizations operate in different environments with different opportunities, products, tasks, risks, strategies, constraints, strengths and weakness, and different organizational structures to meet those challenges (Reference for Business, n. d. ). There are two types of organizational structures found in business environments; centralized and decentralized. Centralized organizational structures rely on one individual to make decisions and provide direction or the company; decentralized organizations rely on a team environment at different levels of the business (Vitez, n. d. ). Organizational Structure Overview of Two Company’s Two very successful companies have been identified with different organizational structures; Toyota Motor Corporation and The Watson’s Creative Company. These two companies are on the opposite end of the spectrum in ter ms of organizational structure. Toyota, a Japanese, multinational corporation, has a centralized matrix organizational structure (the combination of two or more different structures-organic/mechanistic) with a bureaucratic infrastructure. The Watson’s Creative Company, a New York based adverting agency, has a small-decentralized organic organizational structure (organizations that are flexible and effectively adapt to change) (Dorf Byers, 2008). Toyota is considered by some as the world’s largest maker of automobiles, trucks, buses, and robots. Toyota has factories all around the world, that manufacture and assemble vehicles for local markets (Taneja, Pryer, Sewell, 2012). Toyota has an interesting blend of mechanistic, organic and bureaucracy in a centralized organizational structure, which allows them to accommodate their versatile product line. This structure develops a workforce who believes in the company’s products, image, and vision; along with placing a high value on the welfare of its employees (Taneja et al. , 2012). A recent SWOT analysis shows that intense competition could pose a threat resulting in lower price pressures. A recent massive product recall (10 million worldwide) which could hurt the company’s brand image and sales ((Toyota, 2012). Toyota is a company that has a reputation for reliability; the challenge now is rebuilding the emotional ties of customers. A bureaucratic organizational structure could be the flaw as hindered information sharing, miscommunication; along with delayed response time to quality and safety issues have been sighted as the root cause of the recall (Taneja et al. , 2012). One of the disadvantages to a matrix organizational structure is keeping communication channels clear so that potential conflicts do not arise and hinder organizational functioning (Reference for Business, n. d. ). As corporations become worldwide the process of restructuring is inevitable, as they must respond to challenges on a global level. The foundation of Toyota is respect of its people and continuous improvement through the ‘Toyota Way’ which is summarized by five keywords; â€Å"Challenge,† â€Å"Kaizen,† â€Å"Genchi Genbutsu,† â€Å"Respect† and â€Å"Teamwork† (â€Å"The Toyota Way,† n. d). The Watson’s a Creative Company, is an ad agency. They have a decentralized organic organizational structure that is simple and low in formalization. All parts of the organization need each other as an interdependence relationship improves functioning. As an organic organization they need to stay flexible in dealing with customers and in creating concepts for television commercials and print advertisement (Field, n. d. ). I recently visited the Watson’s ad agency and I found a confortable informal environment with a small staff and their dogs. It seemed quite remarkable that a company with such clients as ‘Whole Foods’, ‘Metropolitan Home Magazine’ and many others could work as a community. However it is in line with their mission statement of building lasting relationships between great companies and the audiences they benefit (â€Å"The Watson’s,† n. . ). Their core competency is in their knowledge management and creativity. An organic organization such as The Watson’s is a knowledge-based organization. Tacit knowledge is exchanged through interaction with other knowledge workers. This interaction facilitates the development of a knowledge culture within the organization, supp orting decision making of various knowledge workers through collaboration (Hosnavi Ramezan, 2011). How Structure Affects the use of Technology and Technology Decisions Technology plays a crucial role in today’s organizational structure. Toyota understood that the traditional understanding of centralization in organizational structure would fail to capture its vision of technological development, and value in the employee in the face of new challenges and demands. Toyota adopted a matrix organizational structure to facilitate technology decisions ((Hosnavi Ramezan, 2011). The Watson’s on the other hand believe that technology decisions are based the decentralization of power and control and a higher level of informality and a organic organizational structure was the best fit for their company. Toyota’s superior technology was not enough in light of the recent recalls. As a result they had to reduce their organizational structure, which is no easy task. My observation is that Toyota could have closed a blind eye but instead decided to restructure and fix the problem without deviating from their core competency and mission. The Watson’s interaction with technology is equally exciting as visual displays of artistic genius are created and displayed through a variety of avenues. Technology gives expression to the endless possibilities of the mind and allows them to make decisions based on whatever idea they can dream of. Working on something they believe in helps them to focus on the effectiveness of their products and services. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE| Inquiry| Toyota Motor Corporation| The Watson’s a Creative Company| Organizational Structure| Centralized Matrix Organizational Structure| Decentralized Organic Organizational Structure| Environment| Stable, highly efficient and orderly. | Constant change, simple, low formalization. | Control| Hierarchic| Network community. | Internal Communication| Vertical, between superior and subordinates. Lateral between people. | Core Competency| Lean Manufacturing Tools, Supply Chain Management, Product Development Technology, Branding| Creative Advertising /Knowledge worker| Core Technology| Conventional and Hybrid Vehicles, Hybrid Systems, Safety and Environmental Technologies. | Web based advertising systems, HTML, XML, SVG and Flash, Communications protocols, Video and audio technology. | Enabling Technologies| Toyota Technology Institu te, Toyota InfoTechnology Center, Home Living Assistant Robotics, Personal Mobility. RD product portfolio. iAd mobile app, Ad tracking, Banner Ads, Rich Media Ads, Tradeshows, Commercial Emails, Poster Ads, Social Media| Organizational Members| Task Oriented| People Oriented| Control-Stability and predictability. | High| Low| Flexibility-Quick response to changing conditions| High| High| Knowledge Management| Reinforcement of hierarchy| Anywhere in the company| Technology Interaction with Organizational Structure Based on these comparisons I believe that the interaction of technology must be accompanied with the right fit of the organizations structure to achieve sustainability. Toyota works on a technological scale far beyond that of the Watson’s. It uses manufacturing technology that is the cutting edge of science (Taneja et al. , 2012). It is doing an amazing work with its robotic technology that will help the handicapped, as well as the individual. Taneia et al. , (2012 believes that Toyota’s research and development accomplishments are making groundbreaking strides in the area of defense against energy starvation. The Watson’s Creative Company is using the Internet to extend their market reach far beyond what was once thought possible through conventional channels. According to Behboudi, Hanzaee, Koshksaray, Khirkhani Tabar, Taheri (2012), â€Å"Creative advertising can provide a competitive edge for a brand, add to its value, and give it an advantage over its rivals in terms of more positive market response†(p. 140). The Watson’s advertising agency has achieved sustainability with their creative and innovative ads through the technology of the Internet. In comparison mechanistic and organic organizational structures are like two musicians, one who plays’ by ear and the other who has to read music; both however deliver a beautiful arrangement of music. Toyota is continuously focused on increasing its technological capabilities, while The Watson’s are continuously looking for more ways to use technology to create ads that are an experience for the consumer. Both are making contributions that will add value to organizational learning, and technological capabilities. References Behboudi, M. , Hanzaee, K. , Koshksaray, A. , Khirkhani Tabar, M. , Taheri, Z. (2012). A Review of the Activities of Advertsing Agencies in Online World []. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(1), 138-149. Retrieved from Ebscohost Dorf, R. C. , Byers, T. H. (2008). Technology Ventures (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Dristelzweig, H. , Droege, S. B. (n. d. ). Organizational Structure. Retrieved from http://law-journals-books. vlex. com/vid/organizational-structure-51758780 Field, R. (n. d. ). Organizational Effectiveness, Structure and Technology. Retrieved from http://apps. business. ualberta. ca/rfield/Organizational%20Effectiveness,%20Structure,%20and%20Technology. h Hosnavi, R. , Ramezan, M. (2011). Intellectual Capital and Organizational Organic Structure How are these How to cite Technology and Organizational Structure, Essay examples

Biology 101 Final free essay sample

Multiple Choice: Answer ALL of the questions in this section of the exam. Indicate your answer by highlighting your choice. Each question is worth 1 point. 1. What is biology? A) The study of life B) The study of the environment C) The study of DNA D) The study of genetics E) The study of the earth 2. Which of the following can be considered definitions of theory? A) A theory can be an explanation of scientific laws. B) A theory is an integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses, each supported by a large body of observations. C) A theory is a condensation and simplification of many data that previously appeared unrelated. D) A theory is a prediction for new data suggesting new relationships among a range of natural phenomena. E) All of the above. 3. An integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses is known as a ____. A) fact B) law C) control D) theory E) guess 4. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State a problem II. Analyze and interpret data III. Develop a hypothesis IV. Share the results with other scientists V. Design and perform experiment to test the hypothesis A) I – II -III -IV – V B) III – I -V– II –IV C) V – IV –III – II – I D) I – III – V– II – IV E) V – II –I – III -IV . To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments? A) In the experimental group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the control group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made. B) In the control group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the experimental group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made. C) In the experimental group, a chosen vari able plus all other variables are altered. In the control group, the chosen variable is altered; however, all other variables are held constant. D) In the experimental and control groups, two different variables are altered. E) Experimental and control groups experiments are identical and run in parallel to get repeatable results. 6. The smallest unit of life is the A) cell B) organelle C) macromolecule D) atom 7. You examine a cell under a microscope and you do not see a well defined nucleus. You conclude the cell must a _____________________ cell. A) prokaryotic B) eukaryotic C) plant D) animal 8. All of the following are examples of elements except? A) oxygen B) water C) hydrogen D) carbon 9. Two atoms with the same atomic number, but different mass numbers are called_________. A) radioactive B) isotopes C) proteins D) electrons E) nuclei 10. Select the element that is not one of the four most common elements in living matter. A) carbon B) hydrogen C) nitrogen D) oxygen E) phosphorous 11. Organic compounds consist mainly of ________ atoms. A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) calcium D) carbon E) phosphorous 12. A substance with a pH greater than 7 is ___, while a substance with a pH less than 7 is___. A) basic, acidic B) acidic, basic C) basic, neutral D) neutral, acidic E) neutral, basic 3. The bond in which 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons is a ______________ bond. A) polar B) hydrogen C) ionic D) covalent 14. The energy required for photosynthesis is provided by? A) proteins B) sunlight C) chlorophyll D) carbohydrates E) lipids 15. The term below that includes the other terms is A) atom B) molecule C) electron D) element 16. An element has 43 protons and 50 neutrons. The atomic number of the element is A) 43 B) 50 C) 86 D) 93 E) 100 17. The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ______. A) facilitated diffusion B) active transport C) osmosis D) phagocytosis E) endocytosis 18. A dog gets many nutrients from its food including amino acids. Which of these can be built directly using the amino acids? A) proteins B) carbohydrates C) lipids D) nucleic acids E) glucose 19. Most carbohydrates in the human body are ___________________________. A) used as building blocks for proteins B) used as catalysts for reactions in cells C) consumed as a source of energy D) not easily absorbed into the bloodstream E) not necessary for regular bodily functions 20. A scientist removed the plasma membranes from bacteria cells in a culture. She analyzed the cell membranes for specific molecules. Which of these was probably the most common type of molecule present in the bacteria plasma membranes? A) carbohydrate B) nucleic acid C) amino acid D) lipid E) ATP 21. The site of protein synthesis in the cell is ___________________________. A) the mitochondria B) the nucleus C) the Golgi apparatus D) the ribosomes 22. Cyanide is a poison that prevents mitochondria from using oxygen. As a result, the mitochondria cannot produce A) lipids B) proteins C) energy D) sugars E) nucleic acids 3. The replication of DNA ___________________________________________. A) produces RNA molecules B) produces completely new strands of DNA C) produces two DNA molecules, each of which is half-new and half-old DNA D) generates excessive DNA, which eventually causes the nucleus to divide 24. The form of RNA that is complementary to DNA and carries the code from the DNA to the site where the protein is synthesized is A) messenger RNA B) nuclear RNA C) ribosomal RNA D) transfer RNA 25. If the amounts of bases in a DNA molecule are measured, you would find that A) A = C and G=T B) A = G and C=T C) T = A and C =G D) A = U and C=G E) U = Cand A =G 26. In humans, the allele for dimples (D) is dominant. The allele for not having dimples (d) is recessive. If a woman (DD) and a man (Dd) have four children, how many of the children will not have dimples? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 7. Which of these statements best explains how genes and proteins are related? A) Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins. B) Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes. C) Genes are segments of proteins that code for DNA. D) Proteins are the building blocks of genes. E) Genes are the building blocks of proteins. 28. Which of the following could not be a sequence of RNA? A) GCGUUU B) UAUGCG C) ATGCGT D) AUGCGU E) AAACUG 29. Information stored in DNA is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells in the form of A) lipids B) DNA C) RNA D) proteins E) carbohydrates 30. Researchers are studying slider turtles. Slider turtles hatch on the beach and travel to the sea. The researchers discover that the larger baby turtles were more likely to survive than the smaller baby turtles. They hypothesized that the larger turtles could move more quickly toward the water than the smaller turtles, and therefore, the larger turtles reduced their exposure to predators. The survival advantage for the larger baby turtles is a result of ______. A) natural selection B) genetic engineering C) diversity D) artificial selection E) migration 31. The theory of natural selection states that A) some live and some die in each generation. B) only the largest and strongest survive. C) random assortment of genes results in better characteristics in the following generations. D) the best adapted individuals survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation. E) individuals that mutate in response to their environment will survive. 32. Inheritable mutations, which may allow a population to evolve, are produced A) by chance B) as a response to environmental C) as a response to selection pressure D) by natural selection E) by artificial selection 3. When a biologist studies the way organisms interact with each other and with their environment, they are studying their____________________. A) physiology B) anatomy C) chemistry D) genetics E) ecology 34. In a deciduous oak forest of the American northeast, one example of an abiotic component of the ecosystem would be ____________________________. A) worms in the soi l that feed on plant roots B) worms in the soil that feed on dead organic matter C) sunlight that filters through the canopy D) animals such as deer that migrate through the forest but do not eat in the forest E) plants and animals in the same area 5. Which of the following activities decreases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? A) Cutting down trees. B) Driving gasoline powered vehicles. C) Using electricity from coal-powered plants. D) Planting trees. E) Heating your home. 36. If a bird eats an insect that ate a plant, the bird would be considered a(n) A) autotroph B) primary producer C) primary consumer D) secondary consumer E) tertiary consumer 37. When energy is converted from one form to another, some of the original energy is â€Å"lost† as A) water B) heat C) electrons D) mechanical energy E) electrical energy 38. The statement best describes the relationship between plants and animals on earth is A) plants produce O2 and sugars from CO2 B) animals produce CO2 and H2O from sugars and O2 C) plants produce O2 and sugars and animals produce CO2 and H2O D) animals produce O2 and sugars and plants produce CO2 and H2O 39. What do plants and animals have in common? A) They are both heterotrophic. B) They are both autotrophic. C) They are both prokaryotic. D) They are both eukaryotic. E) The are both hydrophobic 40. Gregor Mendel is responsible for A) Mathematics B) Natural Selection C) Molecular biology D) Genetics E) None of the above 1. Elephants travel long distances in search of food. Using vibrations felt in the ground, family members traveling separately can communicate with each other. Based on your knowledge of evolution, the ability to communicate over long distances probably developed __________. A) slowly over millions of years B) by accident C) over a ten year period D) as a strategy to d ecrease reproduction E) as a way to communicate with humans 42. The plasma membrane is _____________________. A) completely permeable B) selectively permeable C) impermeable D) found only in eukaryotic cells E) found only in prokaryotic cells 3. Humans are composed of ______ cells. A) prokaryotic B) bacterial C) eukaryotic D) viral E) fungal 44. Certain fungi that are important in nutrient recycling because they release nutrients from dead organisms back into the ecosystem are _____________________. A) producers B) consumers C) decomposers D) recyclers E) feeders 45. Humans are ______. A) ecosystems B) consumers C) decomposers D) cells E) producers 46. One of the end products of respiration is _____________. A) glucose B) starch C)sucrose D)water E) oxygen 47. A protein molecule, which is denatured, has __________________________. A) split into smaller molecules B) changed its shape C) combined with another molecule D) been diluted.. 48. ___________________ is the term that refers to the energy-requiring movement of a substance across a biological membrane . A) facilitated diffusion B) active transport C) osmosis D) diffusion E) endocytosis 49. All of the following are characteristics of life except _____________________________________. A) growth B) homeostasis C) movement D) reproduction E) energy use 50. In the scientific method, a hypothesis __________. A) is a statement of fact B) makes a prediction that can be tested C) is usually proven to be correct D) can only be tested once E) all of these Fill-in each blank with the appropriate word(s) to complete the sentences. Each completed sentence is worth 1 point. 51. There are two major categories of cells. These categories are Eukaryotic cells, which include bacteria, and Prokaryotic, which include fungi. 52. Homeostasis is the term that describes an organisms ability to maintain a stable internal environment. 53. The anticodon AAA would be complimentary to the UUU. 54. You are given one strand of DNA that has the sequence GAATGC. The complementary strand is CTTACG. 55. Genes are made of segments of DNA. 56. The genetic makeup of an organism is called it Genotype, while the physical traits of an organism are called its Phenotype. 57. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. 58. The production of ATP in cells occurs primarily in the Mitochondria. 59. Chloroplast are the organelles in plant cells that store chlorophyll and perform photosynthetic reactions. 60. Organisms that make their own food in photosynthesis are known as autotrophs or Producers. Answer ONLY 8 of the 12 essay questions. Each question is worth 5 points. The full number of points will be awarded for accurate, correct, full, complete, and thorough answers. Partial credit will be awarded for less than accurate, correct, full, complete, and thorough answers so it is to your advantage to attempt an answer. 1. A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, green and brown. Typically, the prairie receives adequate water to maintain healthy, green grass. Assume a bird that eats grasshoppers moves into the prairie. How will this affect natural selection of the grasshoppers? How might this change in a drought year? This will effect the natural selection of the grasshoppers by the population of the brown grasshoppers decreasing. This would happen because the brown grasshoppers would be easier to spot in the healthy green grass by the bird who consume them. There would be less brown grasshoppers to breed too. In a drought year, the population of the green grasshoppers would be the one to decrease because they would now be the ones who are easier to spot because they no longer have a camouflage advantage. It would no be more with the brown grasshoppers. 2. You are a writer for â€Å"Consumer Reports† magazine and you are asked to design an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of three brands of whitening strips for teeth. Describe how you would do this using the Scientific Method. Include all of the steps, controls and variables. Observation: These three whitening strips are effective to teeth but are from different brands so they have different levels of effectiveness. Question: What brand of whitening strips is most effective? Hypothesis: I believe that Brand B is the most effective because I use it more. Experiment: Use each of the whitening strips on one person who has a steady diet for a week each and see the effect of each whitening strip at the end of the week as far as the shade of white of the teeth. The control would be the person and their diet for the weeks of being tested. Analysis of Data: Whichever proves to be most effective will be the best and recommended one. Also through this experiment the effectiveness of each one is tested. 3. Lithops, also called Stoneplants, are a type of plant that resembles little stones. These plants have the ability to blend in with their surrounding, which affords them protection from predators. If you were in an area containing Lithops, describe four characteristics you could identify to distinguish these plants from the stones they mimic. †¢ Lithops have a crease down their middles that show symmetry. †¢ Lithops also have a mottled pattern on their tips †¢ Lithops at a certain time have a flower that emerges from their center once a year. †¢ Lithops are usually bigger than the rocks they are in the midst of. 4. Explain the process of cell division in animals. Include a description of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is what occurs right after interphase, which is where a cell basically doubles everything in its cytoplasm. The cell in this part would increase its supply of proteins, number of its organelles and grows in size. Interphase contains three phases within it: G1, S, and G2 . After interphase, there is mitosis, which is where the nucleus and its contents divide and is evenly distributed forming two daughter nuclei. Mitosis is composed of the processes of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Finally there is cytokinesis, this is where the cytoplasm is divided into two. The combination of mitosis and cytokinesis make two genetically identical daughter cells, with each containing a nucleus, surrounding cytoplasm with organelles and a plasma membrane. 5. Suppose someone presented data from their research that showed the DNA of a newly discovered species was composed of: 30% adenine, 30% guanine, 20% thymine, 20% cytosine. Based on what you know about DNA structure, explain why these data do not make sense. 6. What are the differences between a covalent bond and an ionic bond? A covalent bond is a bond between atoms where they share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons whereas an ionic bond is between oppositely-charged ions. 7. Water is crucial for life as we know it. One of the most important characteristics of water is its ability to act as a solvent. Explain why water is such a good solvent for polar and charged molecules. Water is made up of both oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen greatly attracts electrons and is negatively charge and hydrogen is positively charged. Water is considered a great solvent and a universal one because of these charges. . Suppose you are taking a cruise from California to Hawaii. About halfway there, the ship begins to sink. You are able to board a lifeboat, but now you are floating in the ocean waiting to be rescued. After several days, you are so thirsty that you bend over the side of the boat and drink lots of salty seawater. Explain what you think will happen to your body within a few hours of drinking the ocean water, a nd explain biological basis for your reaction. I believe that I will quickly become dehydrated because of the salt content of the water. With the amount of salt coming in my cells will release the water around them instead of absorbing because of osmosis. 9. What is DNA fingerprinting and explain how this could be used in court or on a TV show such as CSI? DNA fingerprinting is a procedure that analyzes an individuals collection genetic markers using PCR and gel electrophoresis. This can be used in order to see whether two samples of genetic material originated from the same individual. 10. DNA and RNA are similar yet distinct components of the cell. Describe three differences between RNA and DNA with respect to their chemical composition and structure. Provide a detailed description of each characteristic you chose in your response. 11. Why would you quickly die if not for the action of enzymes in your cells? The enzymes are used for digestion and breaking down the food that we consume, without them, we wouldn’t be able to take the nutrients from the food and then we’d become malnourished. 12. List the four â€Å"large molecules of life. † Identify their composition and structure, and describe one function they perform in the cell.